A further distinction is often made between so-called lower-bainite, which forms at temperatures closer to the martensite start temperature, and upper-bainite which forms at higher temperatures.
32.
During continuous cooling, higher alloy contents or faster cooling generally delay transformation, which will then take place at lower temperatures, below the bainite start temperature, and lead to higher hardness.
33.
Other methods of tempering consist of quenching to a specific temperature, which is above the martensite start temperature, and then holding it there until pure bainite can form or internal stresses can be relieved.
34.
In the second stage, occurring between and, the retained austenite transforms into a form of lower-bainite containing ?-carbon rather than cementite ( archaically referred to as " troostite " ).
35.
Some confusion has arisen in the literature, as this fine-scale intragranular bainite, which can resemble acicular ferrite in appearance in the optical microscope, has been called acicular ferrite by some researchers.
36.
When formed during continuous cooling, the cooling rate to form bainite is more rapid than that required to form pearlite, but less rapid than is required to form martensite ( in steels of the same composition ).
37.
The efficacy of inclusions as nucleation sites in modern low alloy steel weld metals is such that fine-scale intragranular bainite can nucleate on them, both by continuous cooling and by isothermal transformation below the bainite start temperature.
38.
The efficacy of inclusions as nucleation sites in modern low alloy steel weld metals is such that fine-scale intragranular bainite can nucleate on them, both by continuous cooling and by isothermal transformation below the bainite start temperature.
39.
The pearlite results from the eutectoidal decay of the austenite that comes from the ledeburite-I at 723 �C . During more rapid cooling, bainite can develop instead of pearlite, and with very rapid cooling martensite can develop.
40.
Since bainite ( shown as ledeburite on the diagram at the bottom of this page ) and pearlite each have ferrite as a component, any iron-carbon alloy will contain some amount of ferrite if it is allowed to reach equilibrium at room temperature.
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