In 1948-1950, ONERA . This microprobe produced an electron beam diameter of 1-3 ?m with a beam current of ~ 10 nanoamperes ( nA ) and used a Geiger counter to detect the X-rays produced from the sample.
32.
At low primary beam currents, very little material is sputtered and modern FIB systems can easily achieve 5 nm imaging resolution ( imaging resolution with Ga ions is limited to ~ 5 nm by sputtering and detector efficiency ).
33.
To prevent charging of non-conductive specimens, operating conditions must be adjusted such that the incoming beam current is equal to sum of outcoming secondary and backscattered electrons currents a condition that is more often met at accelerating voltages of 0.3 4 kV.
34.
There are two major facilities, the Photon Factory itself which is a 2.5GeV synchrotron with a beam current of around 350mA, and the PF-AR'Advanced Ring for Pulsed X-Rays', which is a 6.5GeV machine running in a single-bunch mode with a beam current of around 35mA.
35.
The cyclotron type proton accelerator " CYCLONE-30 " has a variable beam energy between 15 and 30 MeV and variable beam current up to 1.2 mA . It was designed, manufactured and installed by Belgian Ion Beam Applications S . A . ( IBA ).
36.
There are two major facilities, the Photon Factory itself which is a 2.5GeV synchrotron with a beam current of around 350mA, and the PF-AR'Advanced Ring for Pulsed X-Rays', which is a 6.5GeV machine running in a single-bunch mode with a beam current of around 35mA.
37.
For example, assuming an exposure area of 1 cm 2, a dose of 10 " 3 coulombs / cm 2, and a beam current of 10 " 9 amperes, the resulting minimum write time would be 10 6 seconds ( about 12 days ).
38.
The HiSOR has two insertion devices, a linear undulator and a helical undulator, in the two linear sections of the ring and has an electron energy of 0.7 GeV with a nominal beam current of 300 mA . The ring itself has a circumference of 22 m.
39.
This idea was first given a proof-of-principle study using the electron storage ring of Kyoto University, KSR; this was done using a stable nucleus of 133 Cs as a target in an experiment of 120MeV electron beam energy, 75mA typical stored beam current and a 100 seconds beam lifetime.
40.
Therefore, the ( misnomer ) " specimen absorbed current " per se plays no part in any useful image formation except to dissipate the charge ( in conductors ), without which insulators cannot be generally imaged in vacuum ( except in the rare case when the incident beam current equals the total emitted current ).
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