For example, the original subroutine call instructions BAL, Branch and Link, and its register-register equivalent, BALR, Branch and Link Register, store certain status information, the instruction length code, the condition code and the program mask, in the top byte of the return address.
32.
Code pointers ( including return addresses on the stack ) are two bytes long on chips with up to 128 KB of flash memory, but three bytes long on larger chips; not all chips have hardware multipliers; chips with over 8 KB of flash have branch and call instructions with longer ranges; and so forth.
33.
In the IBM System / 360, where a return code was expected from the subroutine, the return value was often designed to be a multiple of 4 so that it could be used as a direct branch table index into a branch table often located immediately after the call instruction to avoid extra conditional tests, further improving efficiency.
34.
Writing assembler code programs under the new OS was rather different than it had been on the Model III . This was because the Model 4 was completely RAM-based, whereas the earlier TRS-80's memory maps were occupied by both RAM and ROM . No longer would assember programs issue CALL instructions to absolute addresses in ROM; TRSDOS 6 provided a standard interface to its service routines with its Supervisor Calls ( SVCs ).
35.
The interrupts may be due to supervisor ( SVC ) or monitor ( MC ) call instructions issued by job programs to request services, page fault interrupts for virtual memory pages that are not in real memory when referenced by a job program, program interrupts caused by abnormal conditions in job programs, timer interrupts on behalf of job programs or used internally within the supervisor, interrupts from the input / output subsystem, machine check interrupts, external ( operator initiated ) interrupts, and interrupts from other processors in a multiprocessor configuration.
36.
Typically such macros expand into executable code, e . g ., for the EXIT macroinstruction, a list of " define constant " instructions, e . g ., for the DCB macro, or a combination of code and constants, with the details of the expansion depending on the parameters of the macro instruction ( such as a reference to a file and a data area for a READ instruction ); he executable code often terminated in either a " branch and link register " instruction to call a routine, or a supervisor call instruction to call an operating system function directly.
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