All I can tell is that iron made tools from 2000BC were found in what was once Mesopotamia and that iron carburizing was known process in the Middle East at about 1200BC ( this could be a byproduct discovery of iron production process ).
32.
This process produces a thin, hard shell ( between 0.25-0.75 mm, 0.01 and 0.03 inches ) that is harder than the one produced by carburizing, and can be completed in 20 to 30 minutes compared to several hours so the parts have less opportunity to become distorted.
33.
"Oxygen sensor comprising solid oxygen-ion-conducting electrolyte with a platinum group metal film electrode contacts and monitors nonoxidizing or reducing gas atmosphere in a metal heat treatment ( gas carburizing ) furnace after a getter of the same platinum group metal as in the film electrode removes platinum group metal contaminants from such atmosphere before it contacts the electrode.
34.
Recently, high pressure gas quenching has become more popular for several reasons : it is more environmentally friendly, the flow of the gas is easier to control than the flow of oil in a quench press, and a single machine with low pressure carburizing and high pressure gas quenching replaces the three machines of a carburizing furnace, an atmosphere furnace, and a quench press.
35.
Recently, high pressure gas quenching has become more popular for several reasons : it is more environmentally friendly, the flow of the gas is easier to control than the flow of oil in a quench press, and a single machine with low pressure carburizing and high pressure gas quenching replaces the three machines of a carburizing furnace, an atmosphere furnace, and a quench press.
36.
However, although tempering-color guides exist, this method of tempering usually requires a good amount of practice to perfect, because the final outcome depends on many factors, including the composition of the steel, the speed at which it was heated, the type of heat source ( oxidizing or carburizing ), the cooling rate, oil films or impurities on the surface, and many other circumstances which vary from smith to smith or even from job to job.
37.
Carburizing is a process used to case-harden steel with a carbon content between 0.1 and 0.3 wt % C . In this process steel is introduced to a carbon rich environment and elevated temperatures for a certain amount of time, and then quenched so that the carbon is locked in the structure; one of the simpler procedures is repeatedly to heat a part with an acetylene torch set with a fuel-rich flame and quench it in a carbon-rich fluid such as oil.
38.
German Rheinmetall-Borstig evaluation tests on a captured 1-K, during 1941, gave a maximum penetration of up to 42 mm of perpendicular rolled homogenous armour plate at 100 metres with APHE and up to 61 mm of perpendicular hardened carbon steel armour plate at 100 metres with APHE . ( Note that all tank-building nations had abandoned the use of carburized hardened carbon steel in favour of the increased protection offered by rolled nickel-chromium homogeneous steel armour plate, cast nickel-chromium steel and cast ferro-nickel based armoured alloys by the mid-1920s onwards ).
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