After an action potential initiates, the cardiac cell is unable to initiate another action potential for some duration of time ( which is slightly shorter than the " true " action potential duration ).
32.
In phase 4 of the SAN, spontaneous depolarization occurs faster than in all the other cardiac cells ( 60-100 action potentials per minute ), so it leads the cardiac rhythm and maintains a hierarchy.
33.
A gain-of-function mutation in SGK1, or serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1, can lead to a shortening of the QT interval, which represents the repolarization time of the cardiac cells after a cardiac muscle contraction action potential.
34.
They include direct transdifferentiation of squamous cells to columnar cells, the stem cell changing from esophageal type to intestinal type, migration of gastric cardiac cells, and a population of resident embryonic cells which are present through adulthood.
35.
DFP was also found to be significantly more effective than deferoxamine in treating myocardial siderosis in patients with thalassemia major : DFP is thought to improve the function of mitochondria in the heart by accessing and redistributing labile iron in cardiac cells.
36.
Following his early interest in the movement of K, Na and Ca ions across cardiac cell membranes and how these altered contraction, he became interested in studying similar processes that lead to the decline of contractile function as the heart started to fail.
37.
It found that PAHs block signaling pathways that allow potassium and calcium ions to flow in and out of cardiac cell membranes and sustain normal heart rates, and that even very low concentrations of crude oil can disrupt these signaling pathways, slowing fish heartbeats.
38.
The "'cardiac action potential "'is a short-lasting event in which the membrane potential ( the difference of potential between the interior and the exterior ) of a cardiac cell rises and falls following a consistent trajectory, similar to the action potential in other types of cells.
39.
"This ability to modify the contraction of failing human cardiac cells represents an important step toward gene therapy for heart failure, " said Dr . Roger Hajjar of the Massachusetts General Hospital Cardiovascular Research Center, who led the study, along with collaborators from Boston University Medical Center and Imperial College in London.
40.
Every cardiac cell is able to transmit refractory period or if conduction is abnormally slow in some areas ( for example in heart damage ) so the myocardial cells are unable to activate the fast sodium channel, part of the impulse will arrive late and potentially be treated as a new impulse.
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