"For example, the employers do not have to contribute towards the Employees Provident Fund, they do not worry about the medical and social service coverage of the children, and as child workers do not have any form of collective representation ( a union ), they do not demand higher wages, " says Sinniah.
32.
Collective representations and reflectivity and directed problem-solving based on them may prevent human groups from experiencing or discovering the un-represented and the unnamed; unrecognized or poorly defined problems cannot be dealt with ( as discussed elsewhere, for instance, in the case of failures of accounting systems to recognize or take into account important social and environmental conditions and developments ).
33.
:" It is to establish the permanent address of the Jewish people; amidst the fragmentation and atomization of Jewish life and of the Jewish community; it is to establish a real, legitimate, collective representation of Jewry which will be entitled to speak in the name of the 16 million Jews to the nations and governments of the world, as well as to the Jews themselves ."
34.
Another key elements to Durkheim's theory of knowledge is his concept of " repr�sentations collectives " ( collective representations ), which is outlined in " The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life " . " Repr�sentations collectives " are the symbols and images that come to represent the ideas, beliefs, and values elaborated by a collectivity and are not reducible to individual constituents.
35.
In its inception it is an act of submission, in its operation it is a condition of subordination . " The concept of collective laissez-faire sets out the idea that the law ( and the State ) should be abstentionist, meaning that the state should allow capital and collective labour to negotiate freely, without extensive legislative interference, unless collective representation is unlikely to yield industrial justice or stability.
36.
Jung made reference to contents of this category of the unconscious psyche as being similar to Levy-Bruhl's use of " collective representations " or " repr�sentations collectives, " Mythological " motifs, " Mauss's " categories of the imagination, " and Adolf Bastian's " primordial thoughts . " He also called archetypes " dominants " because of their profound influence on mental life.
37.
A collective is a group or population of individuals that possesses or develops through communication collective representations or models of " we " as opposed to " them " : a group, community, organization, or nation is contrasted to " other "; its values and goals, its structure and modes of operating, its relation to its environment and other agents, its potentialities and weaknesses, strategies and developments, and so on.
38.
Justice Byron White's majority opinion, noting the " tension between collective representation and individual statutory rights, " drew a distinction between the stockbroker, who had entered into an individual arbitration agreement and could fairly be held to it, and union members, who were part of such an agreement only by virtue of collective bargaining and should not have to give up their " independent statutory rights accorded by Congress ."
39.
The Catholic editor Paul Harkins wrote that St . John Chrysostom's anti-Jewish theology " is no longer tenable ( . . ) For these objectively unchristian acts he cannot be excused, even if he is the product of his times . " John Chrysostom held, as most Church Fathers did, that the sins of all Jews were communal and endless, to him his Jewish neighbours were the collective representation of all alleged crimes of all preexisting Jews.
40.
The concept of collective representation can be found in various normative theory and scientific works, but Weissberg ( 1978, 535 ) offered the first systematic characterization of it in the scientific literature and for the U . S . Congress, defining such representation as Whether Congress as an institution represents the American people, not whether each member of Congress represented his or her particular district . Hurley ( 1982 ) elaborated and qualified Weissberg s explication of how such representation should be assessed and how it relates to dyadic representation.
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