Fewer pasturelands and forests, necessary for economic viability, were expropriated : by 1927, just 23 % of the country's natural pastures and meadows had been distributed as common pastures, while only 12 % of forests were ever distributed.
32.
In England, the rights of common including the common pasture system meant that cattle could be grazed on certain land with commoner's rights and the cattle were branded to show ownership, often with the commoner's or Lord of the manor's mark.
33.
Today the whole common is Open Access, administered under the title Common Pasture as a charity ( Registered with the Charity Commission No 206513 ); the managing trust is known as Clare Combined Charities ( Web page on Clare Town Council website ).
34.
The deed described the island as containing of land, single houses, buildings, barns, stables, orchards, gardens, pastures, fences, trees, woods, underwoods, swamps, marshes, meadows, arable land, ways, water courses, easements, commons, common pasture, passages, stones, beach, flats, immunites, commodies, heriditaments, emoulants, and apportances.
35.
Non-arable land was allocated to common pasture land or " waste " where the villagers would graze their livestock throughout the year, woodland for pigs and timber, and also some private fenced land ( paddocks, orchards and gardens ), called " closes ".
36.
By the Imperial period, much of the " ager publicus " in Italy had been distributed to the veterans of generals such as Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Gaius Julius Caesar and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, so that all that remained were the properties of individual cities and common pasture lands.
37.
In particular : the open field systems, shared between a number of cultivators, but cropped individually; the link between arable holdings and rights to common pasture land; in structures of governance and the duty to pay some of the surplus to the local overlord, whether in rent or duty.
38.
While it initially served as a common pasture for settlers'animals, less than a century later Public Square was the height of modernity, when in 1879 it became the first street in the world to be lit with electric street lights, arc lamps designed by Cleveland native Charles F . Brush.
39.
In 1279 and again in 1290 chartulary of Chertsey Abbey records that " shortly after one of these statutes vulgarly called Mortmain " in Ash, Surrey were held by Robert de Zathe with sufficient common pasture for his flocks and herds, while Geoffrey de Bacsete and his brother William had.
40.
In a final concord William conceded 2 acres of woods in Kingswood in frank almoin; common pasture in his warrens at Lyonshall and his fields; and two mills in Lyonshall, for which he also granted wood for their construction and rights of ingress and egress, along with the suit his men owed to the mills.
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