An additional source of vowel length is compensatory lengthening before lost consonants in certain circumstances, cf . " p�ri " " father " > " i?", as in " pi�re " " stone " < Latin, differing from the outcome in originally open syllables ( see above ).
32.
Ancient Greek reflects the original PIE vowel system most faithfully, with few changes to PIE vowels in any syllable; however, loss of certain consonants, especially * / s /, * / w / and * / y /, often triggers compensatory lengthening or contraction of vowels in hiatus, which can complicate reconstruction.
33.
Middle CS did not have phonemic length, and Late CS length evolved largely from certain tonal and accentual changes . ( In addition, some long vowels evolved from contraction of vowels across / j / or compensatory lengthening before a lost yer, especially in Czech and Slovak . ) Hence length distinctions in some languages ( e . g.
34.
In Kalaw Lagaw Ya, such final vowels in correct language are devoiced, and deleted in colloquial language, except in a small class of words which include " bera "'rib', where there is a short vowel in the stem and in which the final vowel is permanently deleted, with compensatory lengthening of the final consonant ( thus " berr " ).
35.
Historically, syllable reduction results from the weakening and loss of the high vowels " ?" and " u ", leading to the formation of consonant clusters, in which the first element typically'debuccalizes'to a glottal element ( " h " or " " ) and later disappears, causing ( when possible ) the compensatory lengthening of the preceding vowel ( cf.
36.
Medeis-- I don't see that " be " and " go " have any particular tendency to coalesce in English, but in ancient Greek a few forms coincided except for accents or iota subscripts ( e . g . accentless ???? can be " I am " or " I go ", in writing and in the segmental pronunciation of those dialects in which ?? of diphthongal origin and ?? originating in compensatory lengthening had merged ).
37.
1 Both and were normally written " ?" but must have been pronounced differently because they have different origins and distinct outcomes in later Old Irish . stems from Proto-Celtic * ( < PIE * ei ), or from " " in words borrowed from Latin . generally stems from compensatory lengthening of short * e because of loss of the following consonant ( in certain clusters ) or a directly following vowel in hiatus.
38.
The original Indo-European paradigm was based on a neuter root-noun * " 1 erd-/ * ?herd-" whose endingless nominative singular, pre-Indo-European " * * 1 erd, * * ?herd " had become Proto-Indo-European " * 1 r, * ?hr " by simplification of the final cluster with compensatory lengthening of the vowel : Greek " k�r ", Hittite HEART-" er "; in Indic, the root-final * " d " was restored in the nominative singular, based on all the other cases but at a cost : a word-final cluster / rd / is phonologically impossible in Indic, a problem resolved by a prop vowel.
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