Uncertainty over who the legitimate pope might be during the time of the Western Schism gave rise to the legal theory called Conciliarism, which claimed that a general council of the church was superior to the pope and could therefore judge between rival claimants.
32.
"' Conciliarism "'was a reform movement in the 14th-, 15th-and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an Ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope.
33.
Before 1415 Fleming was instituted to the rectory of Pavia and Siena in 1428 1429 and, in the presence of the pope, reportedly made an eloquent speech in vindication of the rights of the English " nation " and in support of papal authority against the more radical proponents of conciliarism; this sermon apparently does not survive.
34.
In recent years the prayer books of several provinces have, out of deference to a greater agreement with Eastern Conciliarism ( and a perceived greater respect accorded Anglicanism by Eastern Orthodoxy than by Roman Catholicism ), instituted a number of historically Eastern and Oriental Orthodox elements in their liturgies, including introduction of the Trisagion and deletion of the filioque clause from the Nicene Creed.
35.
Prague was one of the Europe's largest cities and after Avignon, Rome and Paris was the city with the highest concentration of clergy in Prague university theologians and intellectuals called for the reform of the decadent priesthood in the spirit of emerging conciliarism, for education of unsatisfactorily educated priests, and for more frequent accepting of the Eucharist in the spirit of Devotio Moderna.
36.
Within the Roman Catholic Church, Ultramontanism achieved victory over conciliarism at the First Vatican Council, convened by Pope Pius IX in 1870, with the pronouncement of papal infallibility ( the ability of the pope to define dogmas free from error ex cathedra ) and of papal supremacy, i . e ., supreme, full, immediate, and universal ordinary jurisdiction of the Pope.
37.
Loyola's biography contributed to an emphasis on popular piety that had waned under political popes such as Leo X . After recovering from a serious wound, he took a vow to " serve only God and the Roman pontiff, His vicar on Earth . " The emphasis on the Pope is a reaffirmation of the medieval papalism, while the Council of Trent defeated Conciliarism, the belief that general councils of the church collectively were God's representative on Earth rather than the Pope.
38.
In 1718, Clement XI responded vigorously to this challenge to his authority by issuing the bull " Pastoralis officii " by which he excommunicated everyone who had called Far from disarming the French clergy, many of whom were now advocating conciliarism, the clergy who had appealed " Unigenitus Dei Filius " to a general council, now In total, one cardinal, 18 bishops, and 3, 000 clergy of France However, the majority of clergy in France ( four cardinals, 100 bishops, 100, 000 clergymen ) stood by the pope.
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