31. Coupling with Grignards and Negishi coupling reactions 32. Cross-coupling reactions have also been accelerated with metal additives such as silver and copper. 33. The biosynthetic pathway of nicotine involves a coupling reaction between the two cyclic structures that compose nicotine. 34. Due to this covalent coupling reaction fluorescent CFSE can be retained within cells for extremely long periods. 35. Many pharmaceutical chemists attempt to use coupling reactions early in production to minimize metal traces in the product. 36. Likewise, acetone is converted to pinacol with a magnesium-mercury amalgam in a pinacol coupling reaction . 37. In organic synthesis, the compound finds occasional use in chlorinations, deoxygenation, and oxidative coupling reactions . 38. A typical coupling reaction with these amino acids are performed at lower temperatures than the other 18 natural amino acids. 39. This group transfer reaction can be used in allylation, or other coupling reactions ( such as Negishi coupling ). 40. A third method is by palladium catalysed reaction of aryl halides and triflates with diboronyl esters in a coupling reaction .
