While the modified virus can get the genes into egg DNA, he said, the problem is that the genes are usually silenced and inactive, so that they do not direct cells to make proteins.
32.
First, a bacterium can take up exogenous DNA released into the intervening medium from another bacterium by a process called " conjugation ", in which a plasmid mediates transfer through direct cell contact between cells.
33.
And when they examined the genes that direct cells to make the enzyme, they turned out to have a defect that " smashed the gene, effectively, and made it impossible to generate a sensible protein,"
34.
The known mechanisms associated with the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into mature osteoclasts involve the signaling molecules produced by immune-associated cells, as well as the direct cell to cell contact of osteoblasts and osteoclast precursors.
35.
There are researchers tackling this problem from the other direction, taking a minimal system and trying to use genes ( and thus their protein products ) to direct cells to assemble into particular shapes with particular dimensions.
36.
The protrusion formed may then be internalized by a neighboring cell, forming a double-membrane vacuole from which the bacterium must escape using LLO and PlcB . This mode of direct cell-to-cell spread involves a cellular mechanism known as paracytophagy.
37.
His team used a specific combination of three transcription factors, Ngn3 ( or Neurog3 ), Pdx1 and Mafa for such direct cell reprogramming to yield cells capable of secreting insulin and remodelling local vasculature in pancreas to counteract hyperglycemia and diabetes.
38.
In August 2008, Melton's lab published successful in vivo reprogramming of adult mice direct cell reprogramming of adult cell type ( exocrine cell ) into other adult cell type ( beta cell ) without reversion to a pluripotent stem cell state.
39.
He ran a laboratory at the Biochemistry Dept at University of Cambridge capitalising on the above technologies with a focus on the study of protein : protein interactions driving direct cell : cell communication and has recently founded a new therapeutic antibody discovery biotechnology company, IONTAS Ltd.
40.
The new Thermo will operate as a single company focused on manufacturing measuring devices in three areas : life sciences such as the hot field of proteomics ( the study of how genes direct cells to make proteins ), optical technologies used particularly in telecommunications, and measurement tools for research and manufacturing across a wide range of industries.
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