But then in a surprising announcement, in 1968 the USSR released data on its tokamak designs, with performance numbers ( electron temperatures of 1000 Culham Laboratory ) to bring their laser system to the Kurchatov Institute and independently measure the performance.
32.
C-2 results showed peak ion temperatures of 400 Electron volts ( 5 million degrees Celsius ), electron temperatures of 150 Electron volts, plasma densities of 1E-19 m " 3 and 1E9 fusion neutrons per second for 3 milliseconds.
33.
In it they compare the oxygen and nitrogen abundances derived from global emission-line SDSS spectra of galaxies using ( 1 ) the electron temperature method and ( 2 ) two recent strong line calibrations : the O / N and N / S calibrations.
34.
Electron temperature is usually expressed as electronvolt ( eV ), and 1 eV is equivalent to 11, 604 K . Common plasmas temperature and density in fluorescent light tubes and semiconductor manufacturing processes are around several eV and 10 9-12 per cm 3.
35.
Magnetospheric double layers typically have a strength e \ phi _ { DL } / k _ B T _ e \ approx 0.1 ( where the electron temperature is assumed to lie in the range 2 eV \ leq k _ B T _ e \ leq 20 eV ) and are therefore weak.
36.
Therefore, the difference between ball-pen probe and Langmuir probe potential is given by the electron temperature, coefficient \ alpha of Langmuir probe and empirical value of the ratio R of ball-pen probe ( if there is no empirical value of R it can be used an approximation R = 1 ).
37.
Is the plasma frequency, e is the magnitude of the electron charge, m is the electron mass, T _ e is the electron temperature ( Boltzmann's constant equal to one ), and \ gamma \ left ( \ omega \ right ) is a factor that varies with frequency from one to three.
38.
Thus there is a " penalty " of ( 2 / ( Z + 1 ) ) for non-hydrogenic fuels arising from the fact that they require more electrons, which take up pressure without participating in the fusion reaction . ( It is usually a good assumption that the electron temperature will be nearly equal to the ion temperature.
39.
Experiment instrumentation included an RF impedance probe, an ion current monitor, a retarding potential probe, a two-element and a three-element electron temperature probe, an electron current monitor, a photomultiplier-type and a microphone-type micrometeorite detector, an electric field meter, a solar horizon sensor, and thermistor temperature probes.
40.
The 14 instruments carried on " Nozomi " are an imaging camera, neutral mass spectrometer, dust counter, thermal plasma analyzer, magnetometer, electron and ion spectrum analyzers, ion mass spectrograph, high energy particles experiment, VUV imaging spectrometer, sounder and plasma wave detector, LF wave analyzer, electron temperature probe, and a UV scanner.
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