In the literature of environmental determinism, the tsetse has been linked to difficulties during early state formation for areas where the fly is prevalent.
32.
Steward's concept of cultural ecology became widespread among anthropologists and archaeologists of the mid-20th century, though they would later be critiqued for their environmental determinism.
33.
"When I grew up, " says Michael Moseley, a professor at the University of Florida in Gainesville, " environmental determinism was a nasty word ."
34.
According to Owen, physical geography had a large influence on the course of history and civilization, the area of study now labelled " environmental determinism ".
35.
Although environmental determinism is today heavily critiqued and has lost favor in social theory, it was widely accepted in academia in the late 19th-early 20th centuries.
36.
However, by the mid-19th century, environmental determinism was under attack for lacking methodological rigour associated with modern science, and later as serving to justify racism and imperialism.
37.
In the West during the 20th century, the discipline of geography went through four major phases : environmental determinism, regional geography, the quantitative revolution, and critical geography.
38.
With links to possibilism and cultural ecology, some of the same notions of causal effect of the environment on society and culture, as with environmental determinism remained.
39.
In Jared Diamond's groundbreaking Guns, Germs, and Steel, he lays out the basic arguments for Environmental determinism-that environments and geography determine the political institutions of a certain region.
40.
She was considered influential at the Smithsonian Institution, where she was long associated in research, and she wrote extensively about environmental determinism as a shaper of human cultures.
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