In natural conditions, the dissolution of basic rocks and addition of ammonia [ NH 3 ] or organic amines leads to the addition of base to natural waters at the CO 2 equivalence point.
32.
Because of this, a small change in titrant volume near the equivalence point results in a large pH change and many indicators would be appropriate ( for instance litmus, phenolphthalein or bromothymol blue ).
33.
The extra steps in iodometric titration may be worth while because the equivalence point, where the blue turns a bit colourless, is more distinct than some other analytical or may be by volumetric methods.
34.
Up through the half equivalence point, Pb ( NO 3 ) 2 �Pb ( OH ) 2 predominates, then after this point Pb ( NO 3 ) 2 ?Pb ( OH ) 2 is formed.
35.
The equivalence point on the graph is where all of the starting solution ( usually an acid ) has been neutralized by the titrant ( usually a NaOH solution has been titrated into the oxalic acid solution.
36.
Therefore, one can easily find the pK a of the monoprotic acid by finding the pH of the point halfway between the beginning of the curve and the equivalence point, and solving the simplified equation.
37.
If one reagent is a weak acid or base and the other is a strong acid or base, the titration curve is irregular and the pH shifts less with small additions of titrant near the equivalence point.
38.
The second acid dissociation constant, however, is the point halfway between the first equivalence point and the second equivalence point ( and so on for acids that release more than two protons, such as phosphoric acid ).
39.
The second acid dissociation constant, however, is the point halfway between the first equivalence point and the second equivalence point ( and so on for acids that release more than two protons, such as phosphoric acid ).
40.
This method consists in the introduction of appropriate indifferent dyes into the reaction system, capable of improving the contrast of the color transition of the indicator at the equivalence point and, thus, to increase the sensitivity of titrimetric determinations.
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