In addition, four mutated retrotransposon insertions were shown to have simulated the entire existence of additional ancestral duplicons illustrating the need for sequencing of the euchromatin / heterochromatin transition regions for these mammals . [ 9]
32.
Specifically, special roX non-coding RNAs on the MSL complexes facilitate binding to the single male X chromosome, and dictate acetylation of specific loci along the X chromosome as well as the formation of euchromatin.
33.
It is thought that the cell uses transformation from euchromatin into heterochromatin as a method of controlling gene expression and replication, since such processes behave differently on densely compacted chromatin, known as the ` accessibility hypothesis '.
34.
As the embryonic stem cell undergoes differentiation the markers for active euchromatin ( histone acetylation and " H3K4 " methylation ) are decreased after the removal of LIF showing that the cell is indeed becoming more differentiated.
35.
The result of the various changes in gene expression is the conversion of heterochromatin, which is very difficult to access, to euchromatin, which can be easily accessed by transcriptional proteins and enzymes such as RNA polymerase.
36.
Cytosine methylation is examined at " H3K9 ", which is associated with inactive heterochromatin and occurs mainly at CpG dinucleotides while global acetylation is examined at " H3K4 ", which is associated with active euchromatin.
37.
To probe chromatin environments, her lab developed a P element construct with a copy of the heterochromatic environments, the fly eyes display a vareigating phenotype, whereas when the P element is inserted into euchromatin the fly eyes show a red phenotype; this phenomenon is known as Position-effect variegation.
38.
Centric heterochromatin is usually formed on alpha satellite DNA in humans; however, there have been cases where centric heterochromatin and centromeres have formed on originally euchromatin domains lacking alpha satellite DNA; this usually happens as a result of a chromosome breakage event and the formed centromere is called a " neocentromere ".
39.
In essence, it is the cumulative effect of many types of interactions that leads to the difference between euchromatin, which is not tightly packed and generally more accessible to transcriptional machinery, and heterochromatin, which is tightly packed and generally not accessible to transcriptional machinery; SINEs seem to play an evolutionary role in this process.
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