Two years later, in July 1946, a short paper was published by R . Serber of Project RAND surveying possible methods for obtaining thrust for a nuclear-powered rocket, including emission of fission fragments, beta and alpha particle momentum and mechanical heating.
32.
By doing so, it bypasses the Carnot cycle and can achieve efficiencies of up to 90 % instead of 40-45 % attainable by efficient turbine-driven thermal reactors . The fission fragment ion beam would be passed through a magnetohydrodynamic generator to produce electricity.
33.
"Scattering theory " is a framework for studying and understanding the scattering of nuclei, the Bragg scattering ( or diffraction ) of electrons and X-rays by a cluster of atoms, and the inelastic scattering of a fission fragment as it traverses a thin foil.
34.
:: : In Nuclear chain reaction you can see U-235 + neutron-> fission fragments + 2.52 neutrons + 180 MeV . The energy is split between the different four to five particles, so there could easily be several MeV per neutron, so fast neutron would have the energy necessary.
35.
In a conventional stationary NTR, the energy E for heating the propellant is almost from the fission fragments which encompass almost the 95 % of the total energy, and the faction of energy from prompt neutrons f _ \ text { n } is only around 5 %, and therefore, in comparison, is almost negligible.
36.
The neutrons that occur directly from fission are called " prompt neutrons, " and the ones that are a result of radioactive decay of fission fragments are called " delayed neutrons . " The fraction of neutrons that are delayed is called ?, and this fraction is typically less than 1 % of all the neutrons in the chain reaction.
37.
The other rocket concept which allows a propellant hotter than the fuel is the fission fragment rocket, however, in the pulsed rocket concept, the propellant is heated instantaneously as a burst rather than by continuous heating as in the fission fragment concept, then very high propellant temperatures are theoretically attainable immediately after the pulse, which is followed by a rapid radiative cooling.
38.
The other rocket concept which allows a propellant hotter than the fuel is the fission fragment rocket, however, in the pulsed rocket concept, the propellant is heated instantaneously as a burst rather than by continuous heating as in the fission fragment concept, then very high propellant temperatures are theoretically attainable immediately after the pulse, which is followed by a rapid radiative cooling.
39.
No prototype of this type of reactor has been realized yet, although the nuclear processes have been modeled with MCNP . As the concept of a uranium hydride reactor is novel, further experimental work will be needed with regard to gas flow dynamics, materials selection and performance ( especially with regard to hydrogen embrittlement and hydride pyrophoricity ), radiation damage and fission fragment buildup.
40.
The latter figure means that a nuclear fission explosion or criticality accident emits about 3.5 % of its energy as gamma rays, less than 2.5 % of its energy as fast neutrons ( total of both types of radiation ~ 6 % ), and the rest as kinetic energy of fission fragments ( this appears almost immediately when the fragments impact surrounding matter, as simple heat ).
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