Geometrical optics is often simplified by making the paraxial approximation, or " small angle approximation . " The mathematical behavior then becomes ray tracing ", which are used to find basic properties of optical systems, such as approximate image and object positions and magnifications.
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Function L \ left ( x _ 1, x _ 2, \ dot { x } _ 1, \ dot { x } _ 2, x _ 3 \ right ) is the optical Lagrangian from which the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian ( as in Hamiltonian mechanics ) formulations of geometrical optics may be derived.
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Optical engineering impacts modern devices and systems involved in communication, display, data storage, illumination and remote sensing . * Basic optical principles, including geometrical optics, optical aberration, diffraction theory, optical interference, and crystal optics . * Light source, detectors, radiometry, photometry and colorimetry . * Trends / state-of-the-art in optical technologies / devices, including holography storage, fiber communication, optical testing and optical display"
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In a brief paper in 1923, de Broglie wrote : " Dynamics must undergo the same evolution that optics has undergone when undulations took the place of purely geometrical optics . " In his 1924 thesis, though Newton, calling on an analogy with the material point dynamics that he created, developed a corpuscular theory, the so-called " emission theory ", which enabled him even to explain, albeit with a contrived hypothesis, effects nowadays considered wave effects, ( i . e ., Newton's rings ) ."
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