By virtue of their special properties in coupling to the vacuum of the respective symmetry-broken theory, vanishing momentum ( " soft " ) Goldstone bosons involved in field-theoretic amplitudes make such amplitudes vanish ( " Adler zeros " ).
32.
In 1973 Jackiw and Johnson and Cornwall and Norton studied the possibility that a ( non-vectorial ) gauge interaction of fermions can break itself; i . e ., is strong enough to form a Goldstone boson coupled to the gauge current.
33.
Of the four components of a Goldstone boson created by the Higgs field, three are " eaten " by the W +, Z 0, and W " bosons to form their longitudinal components and the remainder appears as the spin 0 Higgs boson.
34.
As in the case of Goldstone bosons, it is massless, unless there is also a small explicit supersymmetry breakdown involved, on top of the basic spontaneous breakdown, in which case it develops a " small " mass see Pseudo-Goldstone boson.
35.
As in the case of Goldstone bosons, it is massless, unless there is also a small explicit supersymmetry breakdown involved, on top of the basic spontaneous breakdown, in which case it develops a " small " mass see Pseudo-Goldstone boson.
36.
The internal global symmetry of this model is SU ( " N " ) L & times; SU ( " N " ) R, the left and right copies, respectively; where the left copy acts as the Nambu " Goldstone bosons.
37.
If the technifermions transform under [ " SU " ( 2 ) ?" " U " ( 1 ) ] EW as left-handed doublets and right-handed singlets, three linear combinations of these Goldstone bosons couple to three of the electroweak gauge currents.
38.
In fact, any other choice of " ? " would have exactly the same energy, implying the existence of a massless Nambu Goldstone boson, the mode running around the circle at the minimum of this potential, and indicating there is some memory of the original symmetry in the Lagrangian.
39.
In particle physics, "'majorons "'( named after Ettore Majorana ) are a hypothetical type of Goldstone boson that are theorized to mediate the neutrino mass violation of lepton number or " B " " " L " in certain high energy collisions such as
40.
In the real world, because of the nonvanishing and differing masses of the quarks, " SU ( 2 ) L �SU ( 2 ) R " is only an approximate symmetry to begin with, and therefore the pions are not massless, but have small masses : they are pseudo-Goldstone bosons.
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