If stress oscillations appear before reaching the steady state, then several recrystallization and grain growth cycles occur and the stress behavior is said to be of the cyclic or multiple peak type.
32.
An excimer laser or, alternatively, green lasers such as a frequency-doubled Nd : YAG laser is used to heat the amorphous silicon, supplying energy necessary to nucleate grain growth.
33.
Afterward, a thermal treatment, or firing process, is often necessary in order to favor further polycondensation and enhance mechanical properties and structural stability via final sintering, densification, and grain growth.
34.
Grain-boundary sliding is grain-size dependent and favors small grain sizes, since diffusion pathways are relatively short, and secondary mineral phases may enhance the process since they hamper grain growth.
35.
Directional solidification is when the material solidifies at one end and proceeds to solidify to the other end; this is the most ideal type of grain growth because it allows liquid material to compensate for shrinkage.
36.
In common with discontinuous grain growth is characterised by a subset of grains growing at a high rate and at the expense of their neighbours and tends to result in a microstructure dominated by a few very large grains.
37.
Afterwards, a thermal treatment, or "'firing "'process, is often necessary in order to favor further polycondensation and enhance mechanical properties and structural stability via final sintering, densification and grain growth.
38.
Abnormal grain growth is often recorded as an undesirable phenomenon occurring during the sintering of ceramic materials as rapidly growing grains may lower the hardness of the bulk material through piezoelectric effect and thus in these systems AGG is avoided.
39.
In comparison to phase transformations the energy available to drive grain growth is very low and so it tends to occur at much slower rates and is easily slowed by the presence of second phase particles or solute atoms in the structure.
40.
The size distribution of ice crystals changes with depth and approaches the Normal Grain Growth law via competing mechanisms of fragmentation ( producing smaller polygonal grains ) and grain boundary diffusion ( producing larger, vertically compressed, horizontally expanded grains ).
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