From there, the working body is initially connected by a wall permeable only to heat to the heat reservoir number 1, so that during the first limb of the cycle it expands and does work on the work reservoir.
32.
The Heat exchanger ( heat bridge not shown ) has a hot side which conducts heat to or from a hot heat reservoir and a cold side ( cold bridge not shown ) that conducts heat to or from a cold heat reservoir.
33.
Here " k " is the Boltzmann constant and " T " is the temperature of the system in the equilibrium state " A " or, equivalently, the temperature of the heat reservoir with which the system was thermalized before the process took place.
34.
The Heat exchanger ( heat bridge not shown ) has a hot side which conducts heat to or from a hot heat reservoir and a cold side ( cold bridge not shown ) that conducts heat to or from a cold heat reservoir.
35.
Using the oil as a heat reservoir, the heating element heats the oil, which remains warm for a long period of time while the heat is transferred to the metal wall through convection, through the walls via conduction, then to the surroundings via convection and radiation.
36.
The second law of thermodynamics also provides that the thermodynamic temperature defined in this way is positive, because this definition requires that the heat reservoirs not be in thermal equilibrium with one another, and the cycle can be imagined to operate only in one sense if net work is to be supplied to the work reservoir.
37.
Passing from fictive reversibility to physical reality, some amount of additional work, that remains external to the gases and the heat reservoir, must be provided from an external source for this cycle, as required by the second law of thermodynamics, because this cycle has only one heat reservoir at constant temperature, and the external provision of work cannot be completely efficient.
38.
Passing from fictive reversibility to physical reality, some amount of additional work, that remains external to the gases and the heat reservoir, must be provided from an external source for this cycle, as required by the second law of thermodynamics, because this cycle has only one heat reservoir at constant temperature, and the external provision of work cannot be completely efficient.
39.
:If you built a machine with a lightning rod to carry energy from a lightning strike down to an insulated chamber where the current melted metal or heated some phase-change substance, and then a heat exchanger used the stored heat energy to boil some working fluid and run a turbine or other engine coupled to a generator, you could produce energy until the heat reservoir cooled off.
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