In dicots, the hypocotyl is what appears to be the base stem under the spent withered cotyledons, and the shoot just above that is the "'epicotyl " '.
32.
The hypocotyl is red and measures 1 2 cm ( 0.4 0.8 in ) high and 0.25 0.3 cm ( 0.1 in ) wide.
33.
Gymnosperm seedlings also have cotyledons, and these are often variable in number ( multicotyledonous ), with from 2 to 24 cotyledons forming a whorl at the top of the hypocotyl ( the embryonic stem ) surrounding the plumule.
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It commonly has two or even four embryos, each producing its hypocotyl, that grows towards the bark of the host under the influence of light and gravity, and potentially each forming a mistletoe plant in a clump.
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It also regulates other responses including the germination of seeds, elongation of seedlings, the size, shape and number of leaves, the synthesis of chlorophyll, and the straightening of the epicotyl or hypocotyl hook of dicot seedlings.
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These structures include the shoot meristem, cotyledons, hypocotyl, and the root and root meristem : they arise from specific groups of cells as the young embryo divides and their formation has been shown to be position-dependent.
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At this time, extracellular polysaccharide ( EPS1 ) content is about 10 ?g / g tissue in the taproot, hypocotyl, and midstem; EPS1 concentration is higher later on at more than 100 ?g / g tissue in fully wilted plant.
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In the globular stage, the embryo develops radial patterning through a series of cell divisions, with the outer layer of cells differentiating into the'protoderm .'The globular embryo can be thought of as two layers of inner cells with distinct developmental fates; the apical layer will go on to produce cotyledons and shoot meristem, while the lower layer produces the hypocotyl and root meristem.
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The morning loop consists of CCA1 ( Circadian and Clock-Associated 1 ) and LHY ( Late Elongated Hypocotyl ), which encode closely related MYB transcription factors that regulate circadian rhythms in " Arabidopsis ", as well as PRR 7 and 9 ( Pseudo-Response Regulators . ) The evening loop consists of GI ( Gigantea ) and ELF4, both involved in regulation of flowering time genes.
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