During the same period Edson identified the product of purine ring formation in pigeon liver as hypoxanthine, which was converted to uric acid in the liver ( Edson, Krebs and model, 1936; Edson, 1946 ).
32.
In August 2011, a report, based on NASA studies with meteorites found on Earth, was published suggesting hypoxanthine and related organic molecules, including the DNA and RNA components adenine and guanine, may have been formed extraterrestrially in outer space.
33.
However, the synthesis was later criticized because it only worked most with hypoxanthine, a nucleobase that is not relevant to current life on Earth, and because it was not specific for the ribose sugar and could instead be applied to other sugars.
34.
The catabolism of 5'- methylthioadenosine in " Pseudomonas aeruginosa " involves deamination to S-methyl-5'- thioinosine ( EC 3.5 . 4.31, S-methyl-5'- thioadenosine deaminase ) and phosphorolysis to hypoxanthine.
35.
In August 2011, a report, based on NASA studies with meteorites found on Earth, was published suggesting nucleobases ( such as adenine, guanine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, purine, 2, 6-diaminopurine, and 6, 8-diaminopurine ) may have been formed in outer space.
36.
He graduated with the cand . med . degree at the University of Oslo in 1973, and worked as a research fellow at Uppsala University Hospital in Sweden and doctoral dissertation in 1977, " Hypoxanthine as an Indicator of Hypoxia ", and which would become his major research interest.
37.
It was only three years until the biochemical basis of the disease was identified by Jay Seegmiller and his colleagues at NIH . They discovered that this rare genetic disease, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, was due to a profound deficiency of an enzyme known as hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, or HGPRT, for short.
38.
In 1987, Maeda, Smithies and coworkers used the novel technique of gene targeting a method of replacing single mouse genes using homologous recombination developed by Smithies, Mario Capecchi and others to correct the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase gene responsible for Lesch Nyhan syndrome in mouse cells " in vitro ".
39.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is caused by a deficiency in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase or HGPRT, the enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of producing guanine from GMP . This is a sex-linked congenital defect that causes overproduction of uric acid along with mental retardation, spasticity, and an urge to self-mutilate.
40.
They are used to LNA, morpholino, nucleosides modified at the 2'- position ( OMe, protected NH 2, F ), nucleosides containing non-canonical bases ( hypoxanthine and xanthine contained in natural nucleosides inosine and xanthosine, respectively, tricyclic bases such as G-clamp, etc . ) or bases derivatized with a fluorescent group or a linker arm.
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