These are supposed to be elements, or aspects of linguistic devices which indicate either ( dependent on which conceptions of " illocutionary force " and " illocutionary act " are adopted ) that the utterance is made with a certain illocutionary force, or else that it constitutes the performance of a certain illocutionary act.
32.
Following the usage of, for example, John R . Searle, " speech act " is often meant to refer just to the same thing as the term illocutionary act, which John L . Austin had originally introduced in " How to Do Things with Words " ( published posthumously in 1962 ).
33.
Thus, for example, in order to make a promise I must make clear to my audience that the act I am performing is the making of a promise, and in the performance of the act I will be undertaking an obligation to do the promised thing : so promising is an illocutionary act in the present sense.
34.
For example, when Peter says " I promise to do the dishes " in an appropriate context then he thereby does not just say something, and in particular he does not describe what he is doing; rather, in making the utterance he performs the promise; since promising is an illocutionary act, the utterance is thus a performative utterance.
35.
The notion of an illocutionary act is closely connected with Austin's doctrine of the so-called if, and only if " it is issued in the course of the " doing of an action " ( 1975, 5 ), by which, again, Austin means the performance of an illocutionary act ( Austin 1975, 6 n2, 133 ).
36.
The notion of an illocutionary act is closely connected with Austin's doctrine of the so-called if, and only if " it is issued in the course of the " doing of an action " ( 1975, 5 ), by which, again, Austin means the performance of an illocutionary act ( Austin 1975, 6 n2, 133 ).
37.
In English, for example, the interrogative mood is supposed to indicate that the utterance is ( intended as ) a question; the directive mood indicates that the utterance is ( intended as ) a directive illocutionary act ( an order, a request, etc . ); the words " I promise " are supposed to indicate that the utterance is ( intended as ) a promise.
38.
According to a later account, which Searle presents in " Intentionality " ( 1983 ) and which differs in important ways from the one suggested in " Speech Acts ", illocutionary acts are characterised by their having " conditions of satisfaction " ( an idea adopted from Strawson's 1971 paper " Meaning and Truth " ) and a " direction of fit " ( an idea adopted from Elizabeth Anscombe ).
39.
It is also often emphasised that Austin introduced the illocutionary act by means of a contrast with other kinds of acts or aspects of acting : the illocutionary act, he says, is an act performed " in " saying something, as contrasted with a locutionary act, the act " of " saying something, and also contrasted with a perlocutionary act, an act performed " by " saying something.
40.
It is also often emphasised that Austin introduced the illocutionary act by means of a contrast with other kinds of acts or aspects of acting : the illocutionary act, he says, is an act performed " in " saying something, as contrasted with a locutionary act, the act " of " saying something, and also contrasted with a perlocutionary act, an act performed " by " saying something.
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