31. Ground effect also alters thrust versus velocity, where reduced induced drag requires less thrust in order to maintain the same velocity. 32. This can also allow less induced drag by the wing, and hence a greater cruise speed for a given power setting. 33. At low speeds an aircraft has to generate lift with a higher angle of attack, thereby leading to greater induced drag . 34. When this happens, it results in an increase of both primary and induced drag , and decrease of lifting force or thrust. 35. Additionally, while the VLM cannot compute the viscous drag, the induced drag stemming from the production of lift can be estimated. 36. To achieve powered, forward flight birds must counteract induced drag on the wings, both acting against the relative direction of flight. 37. Some military aircraft are able to achieve controlled flight at very high angles of attack, but at the cost of massive induced drag . 38. Wingtip vortices are associated with induced drag , the imparting of downwash, and are a fundamental consequence of three-dimensional lift generation. 39. The interaction of parasitic and induced drag " vs . " airspeed can be plotted as a characteristic curve, illustrated here. 40. When I learned aerodynamics I was taught that the lift vector always had a rearwards component and that this is what creates induced drag .
