31. Ion beam lithography has been found to be useful for transferring high-fidelity patterns on three-dimensional surfaces.32. There are also proposals to do inertial confinement fusion with ion beams instead of laser beams. 33. SIMS uses a high-energy primary ion beam to desorb and generate secondary ions from a surface. 34. The spectator protons are separated from the ion beams by means of the dipole magnet D1. 35. A less traditional technique is to use focused ion beam sputtering ( FIB ) to remove material. 36. This gives the ion beam a smaller wavelength than even an e-beam and therefore almost no diffraction. 37. During its lifetime, it accelerated 80 different ion beams for experimental use, ranging from protons to uranium. 38. Thermal ionization is used to make simple ion sources, for mass spectrometry and for generating ion beams . 39. During ERDA, the idea is to place an ion beam source at a grazing angle to the sample. 40. Other small dimension techniques are the atomic force microscope, the focused ion beam and the helium ion microscope.
