For convenience one may say that the adiabatic component was the sum of work done by the body through volume change through movement of the walls while the non-adiabatic wall was temporarily rendered adiabatic, and of isochoric adiabatic work.
32.
To get all the content of the second law, Carath�odory's principle needs to be supplemented by Planck's principle, that isochoric work always increases the internal energy of a closed system that was initially in its own internal thermodynamic equilibrium.
33.
Little or no pressure differences occur between the different regions of the gas, eliminating any shock wave and knocking, but the rapid pressure rise is still present and desirable from the point of seeking maximum efficiency from near-ideal isochoric heat addition.
34.
Isochoric work for a body in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium is done only by the surroundings on the body, not by the body on the surroundings, so that the sign of isochoric work with the present sign convention is always negative.
35.
Isochoric work for a body in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium is done only by the surroundings on the body, not by the body on the surroundings, so that the sign of isochoric work with the present sign convention is always negative.
36.
The work done by the system includes boundary work ( when the system increases its volume against an external force, such as that exerted by a piston ) and other work ( e . g . shaft work performed by a compressor fan ), which is called isochoric work:
37.
For systems that obey the generalized mass action law the semi-detailed balance condition is sufficient for the dissipation inequality d F / dt \ geq 0 ( for the Helmholtz free energy under isothermal isochoric conditions and for the dissipation inequalities under other classical conditions for the corresponding thermodynamic potentials ).
38.
An intercooler, or " Charge-Air Cooler ", is an air-to-air or air-to-liquid heat exchange device used on turbocharged and supercharged ( forced induction ) internal combustion engines to improve their volumetric efficiency by increasing intake air-charge density through isochoric cooling.
39.
Similar inequalities are valid for other classical conditions for the closed systems and the corresponding characteristic functions : for isothermal isobaric conditions the Gibbs free energy decreases, for the isochoric systems with the constant internal energy ( isolated systems ) the entropy increases as well as for isobaric systems with the constant enthalpy.
40.
Another way of identifying hotter as opposed to colder conditions is supplied by Planck's principle, that when a process of isochoric adiabatic work is the sole means of change of internal energy of a closed system, the final state of the system is never colder than the initial state; except for phase changes with latent heat, it is hotter than the initial state.
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