The physical properties of deuterium compounds can exhibit significant kinetic isotope effects and other physical and chemical property differences from the hydrogen analogs.
32.
In many cases and especially for hydrogen-transfer reactions, contributions to kinetic isotope effects from tunneling are significant ( see below ).
33.
Simmons and Hartwig refer to the following three cases as the main types of kinetic isotope effect experiments involving C-H bond functionalization:
34.
For the solvent isotope effects to be measurable, a finite fraction of the solvent must have a different isotopic composition than the rest.
35.
Therefore, large amounts of the less common isotopic species must be available, limiting observable solvent isotope effects to isotopic substitutions involving hydrogen.
36.
Kinetic isotope effect ( KIE ) is a measurement of the reaction rate of isotope-labeled reactants against the more common natural substrate.
37.
In one study the kinetic isotope effect ( KIE ) was determined for the gas phase reaction of several alkyl halides with the chlorate ion.
38.
The magnitudes of such secondary isotope effects at the ?-carbon are largely determined by the C ?-H ( D ) vibrations.
39.
The kinetic isotope effect leads to a specific distribution of deuterium isotopes in natural products, depending on the route they were synthesized in nature.
40.
Because of the exponential dependence, even very low kinetic isotope effects lead to large changes in isotopic composition of the starting material at high conversions.
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