At the pressure and temperature conditions of the lower mantle, the most abundant material is a perovskite-structured mineral with the formula ( Mg, Fe ) SiO 3, with the second most abundant material likely the rocksalt-structured ( Mg, Fe ) O oxide, periclase.
32.
Whole-mantle ( simple ) convection proponents hold that the mantle's observed density differences ( which are inferred to be products of mineral phase transitions ) do not restrict convective motion, which moves through the upper and lower mantle as a single convective cell.
33.
The unexpected size of the plumes leaves open the possibility that they may conduct the bulk of the Earth's 44 terawatts of internal heat flow from the core to the surface, and means that the lower mantle convects less than expected, if at all.
34.
Reconstruction of seismic reflections in the deep interior indicate some major discontinuities in seismic velocities that demarcate the major zones of the Earth : inner core, outer core, mantle itself is divided into the upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle and " D2 2 " layer.
35.
Because the transition zone between the Earth s upper and lower mantle helps govern the scale of mass and heat transport throughout the Earth, the presence of water within this region, whether global or localized, may have a significant effect on mantle rheology and therefore mantle circulation.
36.
It differed from the typical " P . v . varius " in having a broad chestnut-coloured band on the upper mantle, olive-green ( not dark grey ) lower mantle, and orangey ( not white ) sides to the head ( Harrap & Quinn 1996, del Hoyo et al . 2007 ).
37.
The seismic attenuation anomalies in Northeast China are potentially explained by water having been extracted from the cold, deep-seated oceanic lithosphere and flooding the overlying lower mantle wedge at depth, giving rise to zones of high elasticity ( and potentially fluid-rich ) which would cause levels of seismic attenuation that were observed tomographically.
38.
Radiogenic heat production in the mantle is linked to the structure of mantle convection, a topic of much debate, and it is thought that the mantle may either have a layered structure with a higher concentration of radioactive heat-producing elements in the lower mantle, or small reservoirs enriched in radioactive elements dispersed throughout the whole mantle.
39.
For the Yellowstone hotspot, seismological evidence began to converge from 2011 in support of the plume model, as concluded by James et al ., " we favor a lower mantle plume as the origin for the Yellowstone hotspot . " Data acquired through EarthScope, a program collecting high resolution seismic data throughout the conterminous United States has accelerated acceptance of a plume underlying Yellowstone.
40.
Ferropericlase ( Mg, Fe ) O, a solid solution of periclase ( MgO ) and w�stite ( FeO ), makes up about 20 % of the volume of the lower mantle of the Earth, which makes it the second most abundant mineral phase in that region after silicate perovskite ( Mg, Fe ) SiO 3; it also is the major host for iron in the lower mantle.
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