Gerrymandering should not be confused with malapportionment, whereby the number of eligible voters per elected representative can vary widely without relation to how the boundaries are drawn.
32.
A modified form of malapportionment was, however, retained for the Legislative Council, the state upper house, in which rural areas are still slightly overrepresented.
33.
The "'Bjelkemander "'was the term given to a system of malapportionment in the Australian state of Queensland in the 1970s and 1980s.
34.
Areas that have practiced malapportionment with the purpose or effect of disenfranchising citizens according to race are subject to federal " preclearance " under the Voting Rights Act.
35.
Bersih has stated that the case, which has been successfully appealed by the Election Commission, would allow it to carry out acts of gerrymandering and malapportionment.
36.
The 1985 proposal would have made the malapportionment even more severe, to the point that a vote in Brisbane would have only been worth half a country vote.
37.
Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities, federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering for the benefit of political parties or incumbents.
38.
The 1957 ALP split, where Premier Vince Gair led many MPs to form the Queensland Labor Party ( QLP ), undermined the malapportionment's advantage to Labor.
39.
Bjelke-Petersen's government was kept in power in part due to an electoral malapportionment where rural electoral districts had significantly fewer enrolled voters than those in metropolitan areas.
40.
Almost immediately, the Constitution of 1776 was recognized as flawed both for its restriction of the suffrage by property requirements, and for its malapportionment favoring the smaller eastern counties.
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