The ERM, a managed currency system designed to smooth the path to the introduction of a single currency, forces central banks to support their currencies if they fall below specific exchange rates against other currencies in the system.
32.
Since the yuan and other managed currencies have slid along with the dollar's fall over the past year, the secretary is entitled to expect other nations to take some of the strain in helping set right American imbalances.
33.
"As the dollar approached 110, there was a massive amount of selling, " said John Trammell, who manages currency investments for A . Gary Shilling Co ., a Springfield, New Jersey fund manager with $ 100 million of assets.
34.
The lev is not part of ERM-II, but since the launch of the euro in 1999, it has been pegged to the euro at a fixed rate of ?1 = BGN 1.95583 through a strictly managed currency board.
35.
"We feel we can successfully manage currency translation risk in Argentina and we are assuming that a reasonable level of economic activity is restored there during the year, " said Andrea Jung, chairman and chief executive in a statement.
36.
"What most people miss is that companies are much better at managing currency risk, " said Tom Laming, who runs the Buffalo USA Global Fund, which focuses on companies with large overseas sales and has risen 23 percent this year.
37.
But the administration has made clear that it would prefer that Europe, which has customarily named the head of the monetary fund, find someone who is better known internationally and who has more experience managing currencies and setting overall economic strategy.
38.
Commenting on various suggestions for managing currency speculation, he said, " You've got to look ( at ) not only whether it's going to cut down the flow of trading, or whether it's going to cut down the flow of real resources ."
39.
But it could just be the tip of the iceberg, " said Lye Thiam Wooi, who manages currencies and bonds worth US $ 200 million at OUB Asset Management Ltd . Poor financial disclosure in some Asian countries makes it difficult to accurately estimate bad loans.
40.
"The economy here is sound, while economies in Europe remain very weak, and the recovery in Japan is very fragile, " said John Trammell, who manages currency investments at A . Gary Shilling Co ., a Springfield, New Jersey, money manager with $ 100 million of assets.
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