Contributors included the poet Maria Abdy ( c . 1800 1867 ), the novelist and poet Isa Blagden ( 1816 / 17 1873 ), Eliza Cook, Antonio Gallenga, the mesmerist Spencer Timothy Hall ( 1812 1885 ), Hargrave Jennings ( 1817 ? 1890 ), the philosopher Thomas Charles Morgan ( c . 1780 1843 ), and the poet and novelist Annie Tinsley ( 1808 1885 ).
32.
As part of this process, professional adherents of mainstream medicine in countries such as Germany, France, and Britain increasingly invoked the scientific basis of their discipline as a means of engendering internal professional unity and of external differentiation in the face of sustained market competition from homeopaths, naturopaths, mesmerists and other nonconventional medical practitioners, finally achieving a degree of imperfect dominance through alliance with the state and the passage of regulatory legislation.
33.
However, he also stressed to his audience that, whilst it was, indeed, entirely true that these effects could not be produced with hypnotism and whilst the claims of the mesmerists and animal magnetists were, " ipso facto ", entirely false one must not make the mistake of concluding that this was unequivocal evidence of deception, dishonesty, or outright fraud on the part of those making these erroneous claims.
34.
As for blind-administration, Kaptchuck identifies it as firstly developed to test the claims of the Mesmerists : & quot; As far as I can ascertain, the first series of blind assessments and sham interventions for the purpose of scientific appraisal was aimed at mesmerism, the most popular and threatening unconventional healing system to appear in the late eighteenth century . . . . The first blindfold experiment was performed at Benjamin Franklin's house.
35.
In his presentation Braid stressed that, because he had clearly demonstrated that the effects of hypnotism were quite reconcilable with well-established physiological and psychological principles ( viz ., they were well connected to the prevailing canonical knowledge ), it was highly significant that none of the extraordinary effects that the mesmerists and animal magnetists routinely claimed for their operations such as clairvoyance, direct mental suggestion, and mesmeric intuition could be produced with hypnotism.
36.
The list of those who took up original membership runs like a " Who s Who " of the Green Room for 1832 : actors such as John Braham, Charles Kemble, William Macready, Charles Mathews and his son Charles James; the playwrights James Planch? Theodore Hook and Thomas Talfourd; scene-painters including Clarkson Frederick Stanfield and Duke of Sussex, had an element of the theatrical about him, being a well-known mesmerist.
37.
He urged the audience before any of the claims of the mesmerists and animal magnetists could be examined in any way, or any of their findings investigated, or any confidence be placed in any of the recorded results of any of their experiments that the entire process of the research that they had conducted, the investigative procedures that they had employed, and the experimental design that had underpinned their enterprise must be closely examined for the presence of what he termed sources of fallacy .
38.
There were five types of humans abnormalities that were on display in dime museums : natural freak, those born with physical or mental abnormalities, such as midgets and pinheads ; self-made freaks, those who cultivated freakdom, for example tattooed people; novelty artists which were considered freaks because of their freakish performances such as snake charmers, mesmerists, hypnotists, and fire-eaters; non-western freaks, people who were promoted as exotic curiosities, for example savages and cannibals, usually promoted as being from Africa.
39.
Although he rejected the transcendental / metaphysical interpretation given to these phenomena outright, Braid accepted that these accounts of Oriental practices supported his view that the effects of hypnotism could be produced in solitude, without the presence of any other person ( as he had already proved to his own satisfaction with the experiments he had conducted in November 1841 ); and he saw correlations between many of the " metaphysical " Oriental practices and his own " rational " neuro-hypnotism, and totally rejected all of the fluid theories and magnetic practices of the mesmerists.
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