The firing of gamma motor neurons in sync with alpha motor neurons pulls muscle spindles from polar ends of the fibers as this is where gamma motor neurons innervate the muscle.
32.
Proprioceptive ( Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles ) and exteroreceptive ( optic, vestibular and cutaneous ) receptors work alone or in combination to adjust the CPG to sensory feedback.
33.
Force applied to a muscle stimulates the muscle spindles which activate protective reflexes resulting in contraction of that muscle . ( Such as the knee jerk response of neurological testing procedures .)
34.
The sensory input to ?-MNs is extensive and has its origin in Golgi tendon organs, muscle spindles, mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and other sensory neurons in the periphery.
35.
Primary endings of muscle spindles " respond to the size of a muscle length change and its speed " and " contribute both to the sense of limb position and movement ".
36.
However, with alpha gamma co-activation where both alpha neurons and gamma neurons are present, muscle fibers with the muscle spindles are pulled parallel to the extrafusal contraction causing the muscle movement.
37.
It has been accepted that cutaneous receptors also contribute directly to proprioception by providing " accurate perceptual information about joint position and movement ", and this knowledge is combined with information from the muscle spindles.
38.
Fine motor skills such as movements with the fingers and eyes are affected most, since any lack of tautness within the muscle spindle hinders its ability to detect the amount of stretch through the sensory endings.
39.
In humans, it is provided by "'proprioceptors "'( muscle spindles ) in interoception, by which one perceives pain, hunger, etc ., and the movement of internal organs.
40.
Hypotonia is thought to be associated with the disruption of afferent input from stretch receptors and / or lack of the cerebellum s facilitatory efferent influence on the fusimotor system, the system that innervates intrafusal muscle fibers thereby controlling muscle spindle sensitivity.
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