Although specifics of the health hazards of tobacco use are not widely known, Syrian students tend to generally associate smoking the narghile with an increased risk in respiratory disease while mainly associating smoking cigarettes with an increased risk of cancer.
32.
According to a sampling of Aleppo health care professionals in 2010, 22.4 % of physicians and 26 % of nurses smoke cigarettes and 9.5 % of physicians and 9.4 % of nurses smoke the narghile.
33.
In Syria, Grand Mufti Ahmad Badruddin Hassoun issued a fatwa prohibiting every type of smoking, including cigarettes and narghile, as well as the selling and buying of tobacco and any affiliation with tobacco distribution ( see also Smoking in Syria ).
34.
Despite the perception of Narghile being a staple of Syrian culture, Bisher Daaboul of the Syrian Society for Smoking Cessation notes that Narghiles have only been popular since the 1990s and are not a tradition here in Syria that we have to live with and we have to protect .
35.
Despite the perception of Narghile being a staple of Syrian culture, Bisher Daaboul of the Syrian Society for Smoking Cessation notes that Narghiles have only been popular since the 1990s and are not a tradition here in Syria that we have to live with and we have to protect .
36.
This mention of the narghile s sensory appeal signifies the importance of the introduction of " Maasel ", a specially prepared fruit-flavored tobacco, in replacement of " Ajami ", a raw unflavored tobacco, in regard to the growing popularity of the narghile.
37.
As of 2010, 20 % of women and 60 % of men are said to smoke and 98 % of the overall population is affected by passive smoking ., Narghile ( also known as the hookah or water pipe ) and cigarettes are the two main forms of tobacco consumption.
38.
As of 2004, prior to the Syrian Civil War, 17 % of 18-to 29-year-olds, 10 % of 30-to 45-year-olds, and 6 % of 46-to 65-year-olds reported using narghile, and use was higher in men than women.
39.
The Fatwa Higher Council of Syria recently reiterated the importance of the 2007 " fatwa " ( Islamic legal pronouncement ), issued by Syria s Grand Mufti Ahmad Badruddin Hassoun prohibiting every type of smoking, including cigarettes and narghile, as well as the selling and buying of tobacco and any affiliation with tobacco distribution.
40.
French anthropologist Kamel Chaoucachi has isolated the three main elements of the narghile s appeal, which include passing of the smoking hose, conversation of the actors, and the nature of time within the created situation . These factors highlight the social benefits of smoking the Narghile and the general increase in trendiness of the experience.
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