Although Isaiah Berlin's essay " Two Concepts of Liberty " ( 1958 ) is typically acknowledged as the first to explicitly draw the distinction between positive and negative liberty, Frankfurt School psychoanalyst and Marxist humanistic philosopher Erich Fromm drew a similar distinction between negative and positive freedom in " The Fear of Freedom " ( 1941 ), predating Berlin's essay by more than a decade.
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The concept of culturally embedded knowledge and the historical approach to philosophy set the groundwork for idea of freedom as something that is achieved through a commitment to the community rather than in opposition to it, as is the case with the contract theory of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke for whom freedom is the absence of external interference with our choices ( negative liberty ).
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In Berlin's words, " liberty in the negative sense involves an answer to the question :'What is the area within which the subject a person or group of persons is or should be left to do or be what he is able to do or be, without interference by other persons'. " Restrictions on negative liberty are imposed by a person, not by natural causes or incapacity.
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In general, freedom is a good thing, but the exstence of " marginal " non-coercion ( commonly referred to as negative liberty ) is not particularly of any value if it is not sustainable and therefore leads to a gross reduction in the amount of opportunities ( see positive liberty and " A Theory of Justice " by John Rawls ) to make edits overall, for all editors.
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In trying to determine whether secularism is, in fact, losing ground to religion in American life, McClay concludes that there are actually two kinds of secularism at work, what he calls positive secularism and negative secularism . ( He borrows the terms, and his title, from philosopher Isaiah Berlin's celebrated 1958 essay " Two Concepts of Liberty, " which outlines a theory of positive and negative liberty .)
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