They included the right shoulder of all deer killed in hunting; windfallen and felled timber within the demesne wood; swarms of bees, sparrowhawks, merlins and hobbies found throughout the forest; and the right of pannage, or feeding pigs in the forest.
32.
Inhabitants of the surrounding municipalities, so long as they are part of the " Markgenossenschaft ", have the right to fell timber in the " Markwald ", to leave their cattle to graze in the forest ( e . g . droving or pannage ) and so on.
33.
These laws applied to any land within the boundary of the forest, even if it were freely owned; although the Charter of the Forest in 1217 established that all freemen owning land within the forest enjoyed the rights of " agistment " and " pannage " ( see below ).
34.
Richard Oram identifies the value of these regions to local inhabitants : the afforested area was exploited routinely by the inhabitants of the settlements that lined its margins, as summer pasture for cattle and sheep, a source of autumn pannage for pigs and of winter feed for the livestock left unslaughtered in November, and for building materials and fuel .
35.
In return, the Prior remitted and quitclaimed any other rights of estover he might have in William s woods; agreed to move a certain mill to a new location and quitclaim it to William; as well as renouncing some ways and paths and right of pannage for fifty pigs, all in the wood of Kerdeslg ( Eardsly ? ).
36.
At a time when the royal forests were the most important potential source of fuel for cooking, heating and industries such as charcoal burning, and such hotly defended rights as pannage ( pasture for their pigs ), estover ( collecting firewood ), agistment ( grazing ), or turbary ( cutting of turf for fuel ), this charter was almost unique in providing a degree of economic protection for free men, who also used the forest to forage for food and to graze their animals.
37.
Although it has been argued by some that sustainable woodland management through coppicing would necessarily have been introduced in the Weald to maintain the supply of charcoal to the iron industry, it seems that locally the industry continued to heavily denude Ashdown Forest into the 17th century, so that by 1632 " there was little great wood left, and by 1658 none, while by 1632 coppices were slight and much affected by illicit cutting . " That the last documented reference to pannage, the customary right of commoners to drive their pigs onto the forest in the autumn to feed on acorns and beech mast, is in 1600, provides further evidence of the extent to which the oak and beech woodlands had been devastated.
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