Proboscidea and Sirenia are linked together based on auditory characters in their petrosal bones, but this link may be a homoplasy . ( The Early Eocene family Anthracobunidae has been considered to be a sister group of Tethytheria, but has more recently been assigned to Perissodactyla .)
32.
Advocates of this newer system redefine Ferungulata as a clade within Laurasiatheria, comprising the larger portion of the former Ferungulata and including'true'ungulates ( Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla ), whales and Carnivora, with the addition of pangolins ( Pholidota ), but excluding Tubulidentata and paenungulates.
33.
A 2007 study by Mendoza and Palmqvist compared the habitats and diets of 134 species of living ungulates, for which this data is known, both Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla, against " 32 craniodental measurements " to discover what correlations exist for the group studied and to test hypotheses concerning hypsodonty and mode of life.
34.
Desmostylia, together with Sirenia and Proboscidea ( and possibly Embrithopoda ), have traditionally been assigned to the afrotherian clade Tethytheria, a group named after the paleoocean 2014 cladistic analysis that places anthracobunids and desmostylians, two major groups of putative non-African afrotheres, close to each other within the laurasiatherian order Perissodactyla.
35.
This arrangement closely resembles the crown pattern of early perissodactyls, but the strong conules ( cusps ) and some other characters suggest relationship to phenacolophids " and added that " " Radinskya " may be the sister taxon of all other Altungulata or may be closer to the origin of Perissodactyla than is any phenacodontid ."
36.
To the surprise of the authors, their data led them to propose a clade that includes bats ( order Chiroptera ), carnivores such as cats and dogs ( order Carnivora ), horses and other odd-toed ungulates ( order Perissodactyla ) and pangolins ( order Pholidota ) as springing from a single evolutionary origin within the mammals.
37.
The exact position of Perissodactyla remains less certain, with some studies linking it with Ferae into a proposed clade Zooamata while others unite it with Cetartiodactyla into Euungulata, a clade of'true ungulates'; Zhou et al . found better ( but not full ) support for the latter, while Nery et al . found Perissodactyla to be sister to Carnivora.
38.
The exact position of Perissodactyla remains less certain, with some studies linking it with Ferae into a proposed clade Zooamata while others unite it with Cetartiodactyla into Euungulata, a clade of'true ungulates'; Zhou et al . found better ( but not full ) support for the latter, while Nery et al . found Perissodactyla to be sister to Carnivora.
39.
In 1884, Othniel Charles Marsh ( 1831 1899 ) came up with the concept " Mesaxonia ", which he used for what are today called the odd-toed ungulates, including their extinct relatives, but explicitly excluding the hyrax . " Mesaxonia " is now considered a synonym of " Perissodactyla ", but it was sometimes also used for the true odd-toed ungulates as a subcategory ( rhinos, horses, tapirs ), while " Perissodactyla " stood for the entire order, including the hyrax.
40.
In 1884, Othniel Charles Marsh ( 1831 1899 ) came up with the concept " Mesaxonia ", which he used for what are today called the odd-toed ungulates, including their extinct relatives, but explicitly excluding the hyrax . " Mesaxonia " is now considered a synonym of " Perissodactyla ", but it was sometimes also used for the true odd-toed ungulates as a subcategory ( rhinos, horses, tapirs ), while " Perissodactyla " stood for the entire order, including the hyrax.
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