Bulk heterojunctions have an advantage over layered photoactive structures because they can be made thick enough for effective photon absorption without the difficult processing involved in orienting a layered structure while retaining similar level of performances.
32.
In a CCD for capturing images, there is a photoactive region ( an epitaxial layer of silicon ), and a transmission region made out of a shift register ( the CCD, properly speaking ).
33.
He has developed a rotaxane based photoactive molecular switch with the capability of changing the hydrophobicity of a surface and thus causing small droplets of liquid to move " uphill, " against the force of gravity.
34.
The photoactive layer is a blend of electron acceptor and donor atoms, and the cathode interlayer is a low work function metal used to lower the work function of the electrode on top to accept electrons . ]]
35.
However, even though CNTs have shown potential in the photoactive layer, they have not resulted in a solar cell with a power conversion efficiency greater than the best tandem organic cells ( 6.5 % efficiency ).
36.
Combining the physical and chemical characteristics of conjugated polymers with the high conductivity along the tube axis of carbon nanotubes ( CNTs ) provides a great deal of incentive to disperse CNTs into the photoactive layer in order to obtain more efficient OPV devices.
37.
Its cytoplasmic half channel, highly hydrophobic in the archaeal rhodopsins, contains numerous hydrophilic residues networked by water molecules, providing a connection from the photoactive site to the cytoplasmic surface believed to interact with the receptor's soluble 14-kilodalton transducer.
38.
However, annealing for too long causes the polymer domain size to increase, eventually making it larger than the exciton diffusion length, and possibly allowing some of the metal from the contact to diffuse into the photoactive layer, reducing the efficiency of the device.
39.
In a QDSC, a mesoporous layer of titanium dioxide nanoparticles forms the backbone of the cell, much like in a DSSC . This layer can then be made photoactive by coating with semiconductor quantum dots using chemical bath deposition, electrophoretic deposition or successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction.
40.
Among the best power conversions achieved to date using CNTs were obtained by depositing a SWCNT layer between the ITO and the PEDOT : PSS or between the PEDOT : PSS and the photoactive blend in a modified ITO / PEDOT : PSS / P3HT : ( 6, 6 )-phenyl-C 61-butyric acid methyl ester ( PCBM ) / Al solar cell.
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