In fact, the only stable states in the two population model correspond to the pure strategy equilibria, where one population is composed of all " Hawk " s and the other of all " Dove " s.
32.
Possibly the main difference between considering two independent normal populations and a mixture model of two normal components is in the mixing proportions, which is the same as saying that in the two independent normal population model the interaction between sexes is ignored.
33.
The roots of the basic reproduction concept can be traced through the work of Alfred Lotka, Ronald Ross, and others, but its first modern application in epidemiology was by George MacDonald in 1952, who constructed population models of the spread of malaria.
34.
A limit theorem for independent and identically distributed variables, as with the Tweedie convergence theorem, might then be considered as being fundamental relative to the " ad hoc " population models, or models proposed on the basis of simulation or approximation.
35.
*The Ricker model is a classic discrete population model which gives the expected number ( or density ) of individuals " N " " t " + 1 in generation " t " + 1 as a function of the number of individuals in the previous generation,
36.
A primary law of population ecology is the Malthusian growth model which states, " a population will grow ( or decline ) exponentially as long as the environment experienced by all individuals in the population remains constant . " Simplified population models usually start with four variables : death, birth, immigration, and emigration.
37.
*The Beverton Holt model, introduced in the context of fisheries in 1957, is a classic discrete-time population model which gives the expected number " n " " t " + 1 ( or density ) of individuals in generation " t " + 1 as a function of the number of individuals in the previous generation,
38.
The pulse mode is more complex to model and numerous detailed neuron models and population models are described by Gerstner and Kistler in Parts I and II of Gerstner, W ., & Kistler, W . ( 2002 ) and Chapter 8 of Sterratt, D ., Graham, B ., Gillies, A ., & Willshaw, D . ( 2011 ).
39.
Every initial population proportion ( except all " Hawk " and all " Dove " ) converge to the mixed strategy Nash Equilibrium where part of the population plays " Hawk " and part of the population plays " Dove " . ( This occurs because the only ESS is the mixed strategy equilibrium . ) In the two population model, this mixed point becomes unstable.
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