In cardiomyocytes, ?E-catenin is present in cell to cell regions known as adherens junctions which lie within intercalated discs; these junctions anchor the actin cytoskeleton to the sarcolemma and provide strong cell adhesion.
32.
Action potentials result from the depolarization of the cell membrane ( the sarcolemma ), which opens voltage-sensitive sodium channels; these become inactivated and the membrane is repolarized through the outward current of potassium ions.
33.
The intermediate filaments are connected to other intermediate filaments via dense bodies, which eventually are attached to adherens junctions ( also called focal adhesions ) in the cell membrane of the smooth muscle cell, called the sarcolemma.
34.
Genetic disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, can arise from mutated structural proteins that comprise the neuromuscular junction, whereas autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, occur when antibodies are produced against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the sarcolemma.
35.
RYR1 is associated with the dihydropyridine receptor ( L-type calcium channels ) within the sarcolemma of the T-tubule, which opens in response to depolarization, and thus effectively means that the RYR1 channel opens in response to depolarization of the cell.
36.
Many types of specialized plasma membranes can separate cell from external environment : apical, basolateral, presynaptic and postsynaptic ones, membranes of flagella, cilia, microvillus, filopodia and lamellipodia, the sarcolemma of muscle cells, as well as specialized myelin and dendritic spine membranes of neurons.
37.
They physically couple force-generating sarcomeres with the sarcolemma in striated muscle cells and are thus considered one of several " Achilles'heels " of skeletal muscle, a critical component of striated muscle morphology which, when compromised, is thought to directly contribute to the development of several distinct myopathies.
38.
In skeletal muscle dystrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction gives rise to an amplification of stress-induced cytosolic calcium signals and an amplification of stress-induced cascading process that involves several pathways and is not clearly understood, increased oxidative stress within the cell damages the sarcolemma and eventually results in the death of the cell.
39.
In agreement with this, mice with ablation of N-cadherin in adult hearts via a cardiac-specific tamoxifen-inducible Cre N-cadherin transgene showed disrupted assembly of intercalated discs, dilated cardiomyopathy, impaired cardiac function, decreased sarcomere length, increased cortactin combined with disrupted actin cytoskeleton at the sarcolemma.
40.
Non-proliferative, quiescent myosatellite cells, which adjoin resting skeletal muscles, can be identified by their distinct location between sarcolemma and basal lamina, a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic volume ratio, few organelles ( e . g . ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, golgi complexes ), small nuclear size, and a large quantity of nuclear heterochromatin relative to myonuclei.
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