Douglas-firs are seral trees in temperate rainforest, and possess thicker bark and a somewhat faster growth rate than most other climax trees of the area, such as the western hemlock and western redcedar.
32.
However, tolerance between these two groups of species do not always differ and other factors, such as selective herbivory on late-seral species, may contribute to these observations ( Anderson and Briske 1995 ).
33.
"' Complex early seral forests, "'or "'snags, downed logs, seed banks, resprout tissue, fungi, and other live and dead biomass ) that were not removed during the initial disturbance.
34.
Bird species such as the Black-backed Woodpecker, Olive-sided Flycatcher ( Contopus cooperi ), Mountain Bluebird ( Sialia currucoides ), Chipping Sparrow ( Spizella passerina ), and Mountain Quail ( Oreortyx pictus ) achieve highest abundances in complex early seral forests.
35.
It has also been suggested that the observation of species that occur late in ecological succession ( late-seral ) being replaced by species that occur in the middle of ecological succession ( mid-seral ) after high herbivory is due to differences in tolerance between them ( Anderson and Briske 1995; Off and Ritchie 1998 ).
36.
It has also been suggested that the observation of species that occur late in ecological succession ( late-seral ) being replaced by species that occur in the middle of ecological succession ( mid-seral ) after high herbivory is due to differences in tolerance between them ( Anderson and Briske 1995; Off and Ritchie 1998 ).
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