31. However, during exercise, cardiac output remains the same due to a compensatory mechanism that increases stroke volume . 32. From this formula, it is clear the factors affecting stroke volume and heart rate also affect cardiac output. 33. Further, the mathematical analysis of CNAP pulse waves enables the noninvasive estimation of stroke volume and cardiac output. 34. This ratio allows many variables such as stroke volume ( SV ) and Cardiac Output ( CO ). 35. If heart increases and stroke volume remains constant, cardiac output will increase and so will mean arterial pressure. 36. Changes in the CO can be determined by Heart rate ( HR ) and Stroke Volume ( SV ). 37. The reduction in the Windkessel effect results in increased pulse pressure and elevated systolic pressure for a given stroke volume . 38. The strength of ventricular contraction is attenuated and inadequate for creating an adequate stroke volume , resulting in inadequate cardiac output. 39. Thus, labetalol is able to reduce heart rate during exercise while maintaining cardiac output by the increase in stroke volume . 40. This increased pressure fills the ventricle to a greater extent, but stroke volume decreases due to an increase in afterload.
