It is also a precursor for many drugs including heroin ( 3, 6-diacetylmorphine ), hydromorphone ( dihydromorphinone ), and oxymorphone ( 14-hydroxydihydromorphinone ); many morphine derivatives can also be manufactured using thebaine or codeine as a starting material.
32.
Salutaridine synthase uses ( " R " )-reticuline, NADPH, H +, and O 2 to produce salutaridine, NADP +, and H 2 O . Salutaridine can then be transformed progressively to thebaine, oripavine, and morphine.
33.
It was long been known that opium, a sticky mixture of alkaloids ( including codeine, morphine, noscapine, thebaine, and papaverine ) from the opium poppy ( Papaver somniferum ), possessed a narcotic and at the same time mind-altering properties.
34.
A cultivar for opium production, " Papaver somniferum L . elite ", contains 91.2 percent morphine, codeine, and thebaine in its latex alkaloids, whereas in the latex of the condiment cultivar " Marianne ", these three alkaloids total only 14.0 percent.
35.
The Norman strain of " P . Somniferum ", also developed in Tasmania, produces down to 0.04 % morphine but with much higher amounts of thebaine and oripavine, which can be used to synthesise semi-synthetic opioids as well as other drugs like stimulants, emetics, opioid antagonists, anticholinergics, and smooth-muscle agents.
36.
Of the major naturally occurring opiates of the morphinan type morphine, codeine and thebaine thebaine has no therapeutic properties ( it causes seizures in mammals ), but it provides a low-cost feedstock for the synthesis of at least four semi-synthetic opiates, including hydrocodone, hydromorphone, oxycodone and oxymorphone, and, perhaps more significantly, the opioid antagonist naloxone.
37.
Thebaine is controlled under international law, is listed as a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 in the United Kingdom, is controlled as an analog of a Schedule II drug per the Analog Act in the United States, and is controlled with its derivatives and salts, as a Schedule I substance of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act in Canada.
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