31. And since the charm and top quarks have positive electric charge, their flavor quantum numbers are + 1. 32. In 1995, the discovery of the top quark was announced by researchers who used the Tevatron's D?detectors. 33. -- DR . PAUL D . GRANNIS, leader of one of the groups that found the top quark . 34. But the top quark disintegrates into hundred of daughter particles, which in turn decay into cascades of other particles. 35. One might think they could have simply gazed into their equations and predicted the mass of the top quark . 36. Scientists said then they expected the actual discovery of the top quark to come within 12 to 18 months. 37. This is used to make measurements of the mass of particles like the Z boson or the top quark . 38. The top quark is one of six kinds of quarks believed to make up protons and neutrons inside atoms. 39. Furthermore, Dalitz was directly involved in pioneering quark research and he participated in the identification of the top quark . 40. The group calculates the mass of the top quark as about 176 billion electron-volts, give or take about 13 billion.
