The physiology of assessing fluid responsiveness via passive leg raise requires increasing systemic venous return without altering cardiac function-a form of functional hemodynamic monitoring.
32.
This allows the cardiac output to be synchronized with the venous return, arterial blood supply and humoral length without depending upon external regulation to make alterations.
33.
Increased airway pressure will tend to further compress an already compromised SVC and reduce venous return and in turn cardiac output and cerebral and coronary blood flow.
34.
The most common cyanotic heart defects include transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, persistent truncus arteriosus, tricuspid atresia and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
35.
However, as noted above it is clear that, equally, cardiac output must dictate venous return since over any period of time both must necessarily be equal.
36.
Similarly, the concept of mean systemic filling pressure, the hypothetical driving pressure for venous return, is difficult to localise and impossible to measure in the physiological state.
37.
The Frank Starling mechanism describes the ability of the heart to change its force of contraction ( and, hence, stroke volume ) in response to changes in venous return.
38.
The nitric oxide increase in the blood resulting from these drugs also causes dilation of systemic veins which in turn causes a reduction in venous return, ventricular work load and ventricular radius.
39.
For instance, para aminohippuric acid ( PAH ) is almost completely excreted in the final urine, and thus almost none is found in the venous return ( P v ~ 0 ).
40.
Hemodynamically, venous return ( VR ) to the heart from the venous vascular beds is determined by a pressure gradient ( venous pressure-right atrial pressure ) and venous resistance ( RV ).
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