31. At non-zero velocities, transitions occur with probability as described by the Landau Zener formula. 32. In the second arm, the chrominance signal bypasses the Zener diode through a band pass filter. 33. Both breakdown types are used in Zener diodes with the Zener effect predominating under and avalanche breakdown above. 34. Both breakdown types are used in Zener diodes with the Zener effect predominating under and avalanche breakdown above. 35. A Zener diode can be applied to a circuit with a resistor to act as a voltage shifter. 36. Breakdown voltage for commonly available Zener diodes can vary widely from 1.2 volts to 200 volts. 37. "R v " provides a bias current for both the Zener diode and the transistor. 38. It pioneered active base current cancellation and offset trimming using Erdi's patented zener -zapping technique. 39. Double exchange is a related magnetic coupling interaction proposed by Clarence Zener to account for electrical transport properties. 40. For diodes that are lightly doped the breakdown is dominated by the avalanche effect rather than the Zener effect.
