Other NAD-dependent enzymes include bacterial DNA ligases, which join two DNA ends by using NAD as a substrate to donate an adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) moiety to the 5'phosphate of one DNA end.
42.
A "'phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor "', commonly referred to as a "'PDE4 inhibitor "', is a drug used to block the degradative action of phosphodiesterase 4 ( PDE4 ) on cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ).
43.
Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase ( cGAS ), which belongs to the nucleotidyltransferase family, is able to recognize cytosolic DNA contents and induce STING-dependent interferon response by producing secondary messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate adenosine monophosphate ( cyclic GMP-AMP, or cGAMP ).
44.
An example of a recently developed biosensor is one for detecting cytosolic concentration of the analyte cAMP ( cyclic adenosine monophosphate ), a second messenger involved in cellular signaling triggered by ligands interacting with receptors on the cell membrane.
45.
In the ASL-catalyzed reaction splitting adenylosuccinate into adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) and fumarate, the AMP must rotate slightly after the reaction is complete and before fumarate is released in order for both products to fit in the active site.
46.
Upon stimulation activated by pheromones, IP3 production has been shown to increase in VNO membranes in many animals, while adenylyl cyclase and cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ), the major signaling transduction molecules of the main olfactory system, remain unaltered.
47.
This in turn leads to the activation of the secondary messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ), cAMP then activates Protein Kinase A ( PKA ) which phosphorylates target proteins ultimately inducing smooth muscle relaxation and contraction of the cardiac tissue.
48.
One molecule of ATP contains adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups, and it is produced by a wide variety of enzymes, including ATP synthase, from adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) or adenosine monophosphate ( AMP ) and various phosphate group donors.
49.
Upregulation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) signal transduction pathway by cAMP response element binding protein ( CREB ), a gene transcription factor, in the nucleus accumbens is a common mechanism of psychological dependence among several classes of drugs of abuse.
50.
The P2RY1 receptor is responsible for shape change in platelets, increased intracellular calcium levels and transient platelet aggregation, while the P2Y12 receptor is responsible for sustained platelet aggregation through the inhibition of adenylate cyclase and a corresponding decrease in cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP ) levels.
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