As most biodegradable polymers have been synthesized by ring opening polymerization, a thermodynamic equilibrium exists between the forward polymerization reaction and the reverse reaction that results in monomer formation.
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Autologous cells are seeded on a scaffold, typically made from a biodegradable polymer such as PGA or PLA . The scaffolding acts as an artificial extra-cellular matrix, guiding tissue growth into the correct 3D structure of the heart valve.
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All biodegradable polymers should be stable and durable enough for use in their particular application, but upon disposal they should easily Hydrophobic polymers and end groups will prevent an enzyme from easily interacting if the water-soluble enzyme cannot easily get in contact with the polymer.
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In tissue engineering, biodegradable polymers can be designed such to approximate tissues, providing a polymer scaffold that can withstand mechanical stresses, provide a suitable surface for cell attachment and growth, and degrade at a rate that allows the load to be transferred to the new tissue.
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One of the first medicinal uses of a biodegradable polymer was the catgut suture, which dates back to at least 100 AD . The first catgut sutures were made from the intestines of sheep, but modern catgut sutures are made from purified collagen extracted from the small intestines of cattle, sheep, or goats.
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Taking clues from spongy toddler toys that can absorb water and inflate to bigger sizes, scientists at Mayo Clinical Research Centre, Rochester, Minnesota, United States have developed biodegradable polymer grafts that, when surgically placed in damaged vertebrae, intended to grow such that it is just the right size and shape to fix the spinal column.
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Gerngross reports a 2.65 kg total fossil fuel energy equivalent ( FFE ) required to produce a single kilogram of PHA, while polyethylene only requires 2.2 kg FFE . Gerngross assesses that the decision to proceed forward with any biodegradable polymer alternative will need to take into account the priorities of society with regard to energy, environment, and economic cost.
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