A variety of drugs including simple AV nodal blocking agents such as beta-blockers and verapamil, as well as anti-arrhythmics may be used, usually with good effect, although the risks of these therapies need to be weighed against potential benefits.
42.
The foundation said Waagstein was " the first investigator to discover the potential benefit of beta-adrenergic-blocking agents in congestive heart failure " and said his contribution in the field " is the greatest recent breakthrough in heart failure therapeutics ."
43.
For instance, the American College of Cardiology, in Bethesda, said it stood by an earlier statement that " patients taking calcium channel blocking agents should assume that these drugs are not dangerous to them " but should discuss the issue with their doctors.
44.
The issue of bronchospasm acquired prominence in the neuromuscular-blocking agents arena after the withdrawal from clinical use of rapacuronium ( Raplon-a steroidal neuromuscular-blocking agent marketed by Organon ) in 2001 after several serious events of bronchospasm, including five unexplained fatalities, following its administration.
45.
The issue of bronchospasm acquired prominence in the neuromuscular-blocking agents arena after the withdrawal from clinical use of rapacuronium ( Raplon-a steroidal neuromuscular-blocking agent marketed by Organon ) in 2001 after several serious events of bronchospasm, including five unexplained fatalities, following its administration.
46.
Dr . Kenneth Shine, dean of the UCLA School of Medicine, said : " Susumu Hagiwara revolutionized our understanding of how calcium moves across cell membranes, basic discoveries which lead to the calcium-blocking agents currently used to treat patients with heart disease, migraine and stroke ".
47.
There are four classes of selectin blocking agents : ( i ) carbohydrate based inhibitors targeting all P-, E-, and L-selectins, ( ii ) antihuman selectin antibodies, ( iii ) a recombinant truncated form of PSGL-1 immunoglobulin fusion protein, and ( iv ) small-molecule inhibitors of selectins.
48.
Early developments in the field of treating hypertension included quaternary ammonium ion sympathetic nervous system blocking agents, but these compounds were never widely used due to their severe side effects, because the long term health consequences of high blood pressure had not yet been established, and because they had to be administered by injection.
49.
Furthermore, almost a decade later, work by Cardone " et al . " . confirmed that, in fact, it is the steroidal neuromuscular-blocking agents pancuronium and vecuronium that, when introduced directly into the CNS, were likely to cause acute excitement and seizures, owing to accumulation of cytosolic calcium caused by activation of acetylcholine receptor ion channels.
50.
There was complete failure to disseminate the true picture that these effects were not only transient but that the extent of the hypotensive effect and the reflex tachycardia were rarely of clinical significance and therefore did not require adjunctive therapy, as evidenced by the complete lack of any clinical literature advocating the need for adjunctive antihistamine use concomitantly with the administration of tetrahydroisoquinolinium neuromuscular blocking agents.
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