But importantly, for the discovery that Hox ( homeobox ) genes were found in vertebrates and a wide variety of animals, conserved, and were expressed in different regions of the vertebrate embryonic body axis, and that mammal Hox genes could function as anterior-posterior embryonic regulators of body axis specification, in flies as well as mammals.
42.
The latter flexure mainly appears in mammals and sauropsids ( reptiles and birds ), whereas the other two, and principally the cephalic flexure, appear in all vertebrates ( the sum of the cervical and cephalic ventral flexures is the cause of the 90 degree angle mentioned above in humans between body axis and brain axis ).
43.
For example, one model proposes that left-right body axis asymmetry in vertebrates is determined by asymmetry of mRNA and protein localization occur in zebrafish, chicken and " Xenopus " development, and similar to observations of intrinsic chirality generated by the cytoskeleton leading to organ and whole organism asymmetries in " Arabidopsis " this itself seems to be controlled from the macromolecular level by the cytoskeleton.
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