The existing bedrock includes very ancient Archean gneiss, metamorphic beds interspersed with granite intrusions created during the Caledonian mountain building period ( the Caledonian orogeny ), commercially important coal, oil and iron bearing carboniferous deposits and the remains of substantial Paleogene volcanoes.
42.
The Cheviot Hills are primarily associated with geological activity from approximately 480 to 360 million years ago, when the continents of Avalonia and Laurentia collided, resulting in extensive volcanic activity ( the Caledonian orogeny ) which created a granite outcrop surrounded by lava flows.
43.
The resulting Caledonian Orogeny produced an strike-slip faults trending north-east to south-west across Scotland, the Great Glen Fault being the best example ( some of these fault zones may have been old lines of weakness from earlier earth movements ).
44.
The Sarek National Park is part of the Scandinavian Mountains, a result of the Caledonian orogeny, The Caledonian orogeny was the collision of the Laurentia and Baltica plates, 450 to 250 million years ago, with the disappearance of the Iapetus Ocean by subduction.
45.
The Sarek National Park is part of the Scandinavian Mountains, a result of the Caledonian orogeny, The Caledonian orogeny was the collision of the Laurentia and Baltica plates, 450 to 250 million years ago, with the disappearance of the Iapetus Ocean by subduction.
46.
Together with slices of older basement, these rocks were thrust several 100 km eastwards over the edge of the Fennoscandian Shield in several large thrust sheets known as nappes, when North America and Greenland collided with Scandinavia during the Caledonian orogeny ca . 400 Ma ago.
47.
Despite intense reworking during the Caledonian orogeny in some areas, three major belts can be recognised in the Proterozoic rocks of Norway, the Neoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic Gothian and tectonic extension and continental magmatism led to the formation of Kattsund-Koster dyke swarm in southeastern Norway.
48.
Meanwhile, the eastern parts had closed too : the Tornquist Sea between Avalonia and Baltica already during the late Ordovician, the main branch between Baltica-Avalonia and Laurentia during the Grampian and Scandian phases of the Caledonian orogeny ( 440-420 million years ago ).
49.
The island's bedrock is largely composed of Moine schist with a north-south grain, a metamorphosed sedimentary rock originally laid down in shallow water 1, 000-800 million years ago and then uplifted and deformed during the Caledonian orogeny 600-400 million years ago.
50.
The Alpine orogeny is considered one of the three major phases of orogeny in Europe that define the geology of that continent, along with the Caledonian orogeny that formed the Old Red Sandstone Continent when the continents Baltica and Laurentia Hercynian or Variscan orogeny that formed Pangaea when Gondwana and the Old Red Sandstone Continent collided in the middle to late Paleozoic.
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